Mediastinoscopy with biopsy is a procedure in which a lighted instrument (mediastinoscope) is inserted through the neck to examine the structures in the top of the chest cavity, and a sample of tissue is taken.

This procedure is done in the hospital. You will be given general anesthesia so that you are asleep and do not feel any pain.

A tube (endotracheal tube) is placed in your nose or mouth to help you breathe. A surgical cut is made in the neck. A device called a mediastinoscope is inserted through this incision into the mid-part of the chest.

Tissue samples are taken, usually of the lymph nodes surrounding the airway. The scope is then taken out. The opening is closed with stitches.

You must sign an informed consent form. You will not be able to have food or fluid for 8 hours before the test.

You will be unconscious during the procedure. There will be some tenderness at the site of the procedure afterward. You may have a sore throat after the test.

This procedure is used to diagnose a variety of diseases when other tests (such as sputum cytology, lung scans, radiography, and bronchoscopic biopsies) do not provide a diagnosis. It is also used to assist in the staging of lung cancer.

There are no abnormal lymph node tissues.

Abnormal findings may indicate:

• Hodgkin's disease
• Lung cancer
• Lymphoma
• Sarcoidosis
• The spread of disease from one body part to another
• Tuberculosis

There is a risk of puncturing the esophagus, trachea, or blood vessels. In some circumstances, this can lead to potentially fatal bleeding.